This lucid and comprehensive essay by a distinguished philosopher surveys the views of Plato, Aristotle, Leibniz, and Kant on the nature of mathematics. It examines the propositions and theories of the schools these philosophers inspired, and it concludes by discussing the relationship between mathematical theories, empirical data, and philosophical presuppositions. 1968 editio...(展开全部)

格奥尔格·西美尔（Georg Simmel，1858-1918），德国著名社会学家、新康德学派哲学家，主要以关于社会学方法论的著作闻名。在学术研究中，他开创了许多不同的理论风格，把不同学科、不同方法论的视野融为一体，并借助哲学、心理学、社会学、经济学及神学的各种分析模式，研究了诸如宗教、货币经济、道德起源、群体自我保存等重要的文化现象。在西方，西美尔赢得了哲学、社会学和美学等领域的崇高声誉。卢卡奇把他称为那个时代最伟大的“过渡哲学家”，韦伯和哈贝马斯也曾对西美尔的研究给予了极高的评价。多年来，西美尔的著作已经被翻译成了多国文字。不仅在西方有一批西美尔的固定研究者，而且在亚洲也有庞大的西美尔研究队伍。

John Searle's Speech Acts (1969) and Expression and Meaning (1979) developed a highly original and influential approach to the study of language. But behind both works lay the assumption that the philosophy of language is in the end a branch of the philosophy of the mind: speech acts are forms of human action and represent just one example of the mind's capacity to relate the h...(展开全部)

This unique text by Stewart Shapiro looks at a range of philosophical issues and positions concerning mathematics in four comprehensive sections. The first describes questions and issues about mathematics that have motivated philosophers almost since the beginning of intellectual history. Part II is an historical survey, discussing the role of mathematics in such thinkers as P...(展开全部)

Written in an outstandingly clear and lively style, this 1969 book provokes its readers to rethink issues they may have regarded as long since settled.

Oystein Linnebo is professor of philosophy at the University of Oslo, and previously held positions in Bristol, London, and Oxford. He is the coeditor of New Waves in the Philosophy of Mathematics and the author of Thin Objects: An Abstractionist Approach (forthcoming).

One of the most striking features of mathematics is the fact that we are much more certain about the mathematical knowledge we have than about what mathematical knowledge is knowledge of. Are numbers, sets, functions and groups physical entities of some kind? Are they objectively existing objects in some non-physical, mathematical realm? Are they ideas that are present only in ...(展开全部)

Adopts the notion of an 'arch of knowledge' representing the double pathway of induction and deduction: from empirical observations to theoretical principles to predictions that may be tested experimentally.

托马斯·罗伯特·马尔萨斯（1766—1834），英国经济学家，牧师，著名学者，主要研究领域为政治经济学和人口学。《人口原理》是他最重要的著作，对后世产生了重大影响。他在书中提出了重要的人口过剩问题，并预言，人口增长率是不可维持的，持续的人口增长最终会导致贫困。尽管本书引起了很大的争议，但其无疑是十八至十九世纪最重要的著作之一，影响深远，甚至达尔文和他的自然选择理论都受到其影响。